In 2004, Gerhard Forstenpointner (Veterinary Medical University, Vienna), in cooperation with the OEAI, carried out an archaeo-zoological survey at the Lycian harbour site of Andriake. The investigation was dedicated to examining a large pile of murex (purple-fish) shells located in the region of an ancient plaza to the east of the granary. The field work was completed during the same year, 2004. Due to the importance of the ancient site, which has only received scant attention, following the survey work the directorship of the OEAI decided to apply for a permit to carry out an archaeological survey at Andriake.
In 2005, the first campaign with an archaeological focus was carried out. The investigation had set for itself the following goals: the creation of a complete plan of the extensive ruins, of which to date only sketch plans have been published; the documentation of important individual buildings; and the study of surface pottery. The aspiration of the survey is to arrive at an understanding of the history of the harbour site and its construction phases, based on the evidence of material surviving on the surface. Work was concentrated in the region to the north of the granary and at the open plaza known as the "Plakoma". A detailed geodetic record of these structures was begun, and the ruins were measured, described, and photographically recorded. In addition, pottery found on the surface in two areas, namely to the north-east of the "Plakoma" plaza and north of the granary, was collected and documented.

A stone-by-stone plan at a scale of 1:50, and an architectural description, was made of the renovation of the plaza to the east of the granary, and the stone coping of the cistern in its centre. Today the plaza is bordered on three sides (west, east and north) by rows of rooms, in front of which colonnades once existed; fragments of corner columns with heart-shaped cross-sections today bear evidence of this. A monumental entrance located in the middle of the northern side provided access to the plaza. Columns originally stood in front of the entrance, probably once supporting a projecting roof. In the southern area of the plaza was found a metre-high pile of murex shells partially heaped up over the eastern and western colonnades; this finding makes it difficult to determine today whether the southern side of the plaza was open or similarly bordered architectonically. On the basis of architectural details and stone masons' marks, it is highly probable that the plaza was erected at almost the same time as the granary, and that both structures belonged to the same construction programme. The presence of a number of stretch blocks, worked on one side in the form of a console, found collapsed amongst the rubble of the porticoes, suggests that the rows of rooms which framed the plaza were once two-storeyed. In a few rooms of the north colonnade, indications for a re-erection of the walls, using a relatively good quality construction technique, could be ascertained; this re-construction probably occurred during Late Antiquity. The fact that building blocks from the plaza region were built into Church B indicates that the porticoes must have been abandoned in the 6th century A.D.
To the north of the plaza and the granary, along the ancient basin, extensive construction is found on the slopes. These structures represent the ruins of Imperial buildings, which in the post-antique period were built over by smaller structures of rubble and mortar. Beneath the structures is a building complex consisting of numerous rooms placed next to each other, each accessed via its own entrance. The structure was decorated on the side which faced the harbour, and probably belongs to the Hadrianic period of expansion of the harbour area. Blocks found in this region which are profiled at top and bottom - at least in their re-used phase - attest to the former presence of costly monuments. The post-antique development is very extensive and consists in the main of groups of rooms with small ground plans and covered by barrel vaults.

During the campaign of 2006, the focus of the work lay on measuring the ruins which are visible on the surface of the ground. In contrast to the first campaign, during which the central region around the agora and the Horrea Adriani (Hadrianic granary) was investigated, in 2006 parts of the site which often were located at some distance from each other were examined, in order to create the foundations for the production of a complete plan. Furthermore, the geodetic fixed points were extended. In the course of this campaign, approximately 40% of the built-up area was recorded, with the result that now about 55% of the remains have been measured. In a number of places, surface pottery was collected, numbered, and occasionally also drawn and photographed.
In the course of the survey season, important questions regarding the history and development of the harbour site could be clarified. On an elevation to the south-west of the harbour basin lies a Hellenistic fortification wall, already known for a long time. It appears that this wall also enclosed the northern slope, upon which badly preserved remains of buildings, probably the ruins of a settlement, could be recorded. The ceramics which were found here date from the high- to late-Hellenistic period. In the area to the north of the harbour, in a plunder hole, ceramic also belonging to this period was discovered. According to this evidence, the Hellenistic city extended on both sides of the entrance to the harbour, whereby in the northern area of the site, the earliest ruins are certainly buried beneath the sand dunes. The fact that Andriake is not mentioned in the Periplous of Pseudo-Scylax seems to suggest that this harbour site did not yet exist in the Classical period. This is consistent with the relative lack of importance that was accorded the construction of ports also at other sites in Lycia in the Classical period. The first reference to the site occurs in connection with the conquest of the Ptolemaic settlement by Antiochus III in 197 B.C. On the basis of the historical tradition and the archaeological finds, the foundation of the harbour site must have taken place in the 3rd century B.C.
During the Roman Imperial period, a massive expansion of the harbour's infrastructure occurred. In particular, the Hadrianic Horrea (granary) and a plaza stand out, although additional structures on the southern border of the harbour basin also belong to this era. The aqueduct, whose spring is preserved approximately 500 m. to the east of the harbour site, probably also belonged to this building programme.
The harbour site attained its greatest extent in the late-antique/early Byzantine period, since the majority of the ruins, including five large churches, belong to this period.
The pottery which was collected at a variety of locations throughout the settlement contains no finds which date beyond the 8th century A.D. This finding is consistent with the circumstance that no building materials dating to the high Medieval-period have been identified. In particular, the secondary chapel buildings which are so frequently found in Lycian churches are absent at Andriake. The question concerning the time period at which the settlement was abandoned will be pursued during upcoming campaign seasons.

Picture Captions
Fig. 1: Map of Lycia
Fig. 2: The filled-in harbour basin
Fig. 3: Cistern
Fig. 4: The ruins at the harbour basin
Fig. 5: Hellenistic fortifications

Bibliography:
J. Borchhardt - W. Wurster in: J. Borchhardt u. a., Myra. Eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit, IstForsch 30 (1975) 52-54. 64-74.
H. Hellenkemper - F. Hild, Lykien und Pamphylien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 8, DenkschrWien 320 (2004) 435-439.
Th. Marksteiner, Anadolu Akdenizi Arkeoloji Haberleri, 2006/4, 71-74.

Contact:
Thomas Marksteiner
Co-workers:
Andreas Konecny
Christian Kurtze
Banu Marksteiner
Helmut Schwaiger
Ulrike Schuh
S. Baybo